![]() ![]() With package managers to install software it is relatively rare to see heavy use of /opt. This directory is used by proprietary/third party application software that doesn't obey the standard file system hierarchy. ![]() opt - Optional packagesĬontains subdirectories for optional software packages. The /usr/local directory is designed to be a place where users can install their own software outside the distribution's provided software without worrying about overwriting any distribution files. Libraries for each are located inside the /usr/lib directory. For example, non-essential applications (such as your favorite editor) are located inside the /usr/bin directory instead of the /bin directory, and non-essential system administration binaries are located in the /usr/sbin directory instead of the /sbin directory. usr - User executables and dataĬontains executables and files used by users, as opposed to excutables and files used by the system. lib - Essential librariesĬontains libraries (pre-compiled pieces of code that can be reused by software) needed by the executables in the /bin and /sbin folder. Note that many of these commands must be executed using sudo, and may not even be in your PATH unless you are root. sbin - System administration executablesĬontains executable programs, required by whoever administrates the computer, for maintenance. This directory is called /bin, short for "binary", because historically most of the programs here have been compiled into binary executables, although now you can find readable scripts here. bin - Essential user executablesĪll the executable programs (executable files) required during booting and standard operation, including many important, basic commands, e.g. Additional software can be installed by the user in the default software directories via package managers such as apt for Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu, YUM for Red Hat Enterprise Linux-based distributions, or snap, an app store for Linux. Each Linux distribution contains a variety of standard, base software packages that are automatically included on every system. Many standard Linux directories contain software that is either required by the operating system, or primarily used by users. For example, storage volumes that are added during machine creation in RONIN are automatically mounted in /mnt (e.g., /mnt/volume1). mnt - Mount directory for storage volumesĪ standard location to mount file systems of attached storage volumes (though these can be mounted anywhere on the system if desired). See this blog post for more information about the root user. The home directory for the root user (instead of /home/root). The user home directory is the default directory that the user will start in upon login/connection to the machine. home - Users home directoryĬontains a home folder for each user, e.g. Alternatively, users may store data on a separate storage drive which they attach to a machine, particularly if they need more space or if the data need to be moved from one machine to another. Users often store "user data", such as analysis inputs or outputs, or program source packages and other files that have been downloaded from the internet, in their home directory. We will now have a closer look at each directory and what each is used for. If you navigate to this directory ( cd / ) and list the contents ( ls ) you will see all of the standard directories as follows: ls This is why you often see paths and filenames that start with / this is an unambiguous way of specifying a file location. The root directory / is the top-level directory, meaning everything on your Linux system is located underneath this directory. Colors represent usage categories as described in the sections below. Linux directory tree showing the structure of common directories. We will go through this structure and the main features of each directory below. Linux file systems have a standard structure that is defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), as well as some other additions. ![]() This blog post will introduce you to the Linux directory structure and discuss the importance of the PATH variable. Knowing the default locations for certain files or software, and how your machine locates software using the PATH environment variable can help you troubleshoot many common errors. To effectively manage your compute environment in the cloud, you need to understand the Linux directory structure, as well as key environment variables such as the PATH variable. ![]()
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